Sweet taste signals that carbohydrates are present. Some bitter tastes can be overcome (note how popular Starbucks is world wide! Also note how many medicines when chewed, have a bitter taste, apparently being interpreted by our bodies as poisons.) This is because many danger ous pharmacological agents taste bitter, including caffeine, nicotine, and strychnine. The bitter taste is almost completely unpleasant to humans. This has occurred through evolution to protect us from eating over-ripe fruit, rotten meat, and other spoiled foods (dangerous because of bacteria which grow in these environments). Sour taste can be good in small quantities, but when it gets too sour it becomes unpleasant to taste. This taste is perceived positivity because it facilitates re-uptake of water into the blood. Since it helps survival, salt is perceived as a pleasant taste by most humans. Detecting salt is critical to keeping a regulated and stable internal body environment. Usually, individuals prefer sweet and salty tastes to sour or bitter tastes. It allows us to discriminate between safe and harmful foods. The Gustatory system is responsible for the sense of taste. allowing higher brain areas related to arousal and attention to modify the detection and/or the discrimination of odors.The olfactory bulb does receive “top-down” information from areas such as the amygdala, neocortex, hippocampus, and others. Thus it is assumed to be more of a filter than an associative circuit that has many inputs and many outputs. The olfactory bulb is located in the most forward part of the brain on the bottom side of the brain (see figure). The olfactory bulb transmits smell information from the nose to the brain, and is thus necessary for a proper sense of smell. Unlike the other sensory systems, the olfactory bulb has only one source of sensory input (neurons of the olfactory epithelium) and one output. The olfactory system is responsible for processing smell. The primary auditory cortex is located in the superior temporal gyrus of the brain (see figure). Specific sound frequencies can be mapped precisely onto the primary auditory cortex. Particular areas in the auditory cortex process changes in sound frequency or amplitude, while other areas process combinations of sound frequencies. The major area involved in comprehending language, (called Wernike’s area) is located in the left hemisphere in most people. The auditory system is responsible for hearing. From the dorsal stream, information goes to the parietal lobes to process where objects are located. ![]() From the ventral stream in the occipital lobe information projects to the temporal lobe to process what objects are. The primary visual area of the brain is the occipital lobe (see figure). Projections are received from the retina (through the thalamus) where different types of information are encoded. Types of visual information include: color, shape, orientation, and motion. The visual system is responsible for seeing. The most recently discussed set of sensations related to internal organs Proprioceptive (sensations from muscles and joints of body) System Vestibular (sense of head movement in space) Systemħ. ![]() The three sensory systems Ayres focused on in describing sensory integration dysfunction:Ħ. (Please note: figures below are from Wikipedia) ![]()
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